2005 37c To Form a More Perfect Union: Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
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3937c - 2005 37c To Form a More Perfect Union: Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
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U.S. #3937c
37¢ 1960 Lunch Counter Sit-ins
To Form a More Perfect Union
37¢ 1960 Lunch Counter Sit-ins
To Form a More Perfect Union
Issue Date: August 27, 2005
City: Washington, DC
Printing Method: Lithographed
Color: Multicolored
City: Washington, DC
Printing Method: Lithographed
Color: Multicolored
Throughout the South in 1960 and for decades before, people were segregated by race in restaurants and other public places. On February 1, 1960, four African-American college students sat at the “whites only” lunch counter of the F.W. Woolworth store in Greensboro, NC, and tried to order lunch. When asked to leave, they remained in their seats.
A larger group of students returned the next day. Hundreds of students and others joined in sitting-in at the lunch counter and boycotting the store. Six months later, the Woolworth lunch counter was desegregated.
News of the Greensboro sit-in spread. Within two weeks, there were sit-ins in 11 cities. Northern students supported the Southern students by boycotting and picketing Northern branches of the targeted chain stores.
White-owned businesses suffered from the sit-ins, pickets, and boycotts. In Nashville, TN, students held sit-ins through February and March of 1960. When a lawyer who had represented the arrested students had his home bombed in April, 2,500 students and citizens staged a silent march on city hall. Three weeks later, six Nashville lunch counters began serving blacks.
By October, there had been sit-ins in 112 cities. The courage of four young men had inspired a movement.
Birth of Patricia Roberts Harris
Patricia Roberts Harris was born on May 31, 1924, in Mattoon, Illinois. Harris achieved several firsts in her life. She was the first black woman to serve as an American ambassador, serve in the US Cabinet, be dean of a law school, and sit on the board of directors of a Fortune 500 company.
Harris grew up in Mattoon and Chicago before earning scholarships to five different colleges. She attended Howard University, where she was vice chairman of the school’s chapter of the NAACP. In 1943, she took part in one of the first lunch counter sit-ins in the country. After graduating summa cum laude in 1945, she attended the University of Chicago and American University. Harris later graduated first in her class at George Washington University law school in 1960.
While still a student, Harris had worked as a program director for the Young Women’s Christian Association and assistant director of the American Council on Human Rights. She got her first government job in 1960, working as an attorney in the appeals and research section in the Department of Justice. While there, she met and befriended Robert F. Kennedy.
Harris returned to Howard University in 1961 as a lecturer and associate dean, becoming a full professor in 1963. That same year President John F. Kennedy made her co-chair of the National Women’s Committee for Civil Rights. Two years later, in 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson made her the first female African-American ambassador to Luxembourg. Of the appointment, Harris said, “I feel deeply proud and grateful this president chose me to knock down this barrier, but also a little sad about being the ‘first Negro woman’ because it implies we were not considered before.’”
In 1969, after completing her role as ambassador, Howard University made her the first woman to head a US law school. However, she only held the post for a month, resigning after the school’s president opposed her support of student protests. In 1970, Harris became a partner at a Washington, DC, law firm. Soon after, companies including International Business Machines and Chase Manhattan Bank chose her to sit on their board of directors, making her the first black woman to do so.
Harris became the first black woman in the cabinet in 1977, and one of the few Americans to hold three cabinet positions. She served as secretary of: Housing and Urban Development (1977-79); Health, Education, and Welfare (1979-80), and Health and Human Services (1980-81).
Harris’s numerous other achievements include being the first black woman to lead a national political party committee, and the first black woman to serve as the US representative to the United Nations. From 1981 until 1985, Harris was a full-time professor at the George Washington University Law School, and she ran for mayor of Washington, DC, in 1982. Harris died of breast cancer on March 23, 1985. After her death, the Patricia Roberts Harris Public Affairs Fellowship was created for students at Howard University.
U.S. #3937c
37¢ 1960 Lunch Counter Sit-ins
To Form a More Perfect Union
37¢ 1960 Lunch Counter Sit-ins
To Form a More Perfect Union
Issue Date: August 27, 2005
City: Washington, DC
Printing Method: Lithographed
Color: Multicolored
City: Washington, DC
Printing Method: Lithographed
Color: Multicolored
Throughout the South in 1960 and for decades before, people were segregated by race in restaurants and other public places. On February 1, 1960, four African-American college students sat at the “whites only” lunch counter of the F.W. Woolworth store in Greensboro, NC, and tried to order lunch. When asked to leave, they remained in their seats.
A larger group of students returned the next day. Hundreds of students and others joined in sitting-in at the lunch counter and boycotting the store. Six months later, the Woolworth lunch counter was desegregated.
News of the Greensboro sit-in spread. Within two weeks, there were sit-ins in 11 cities. Northern students supported the Southern students by boycotting and picketing Northern branches of the targeted chain stores.
White-owned businesses suffered from the sit-ins, pickets, and boycotts. In Nashville, TN, students held sit-ins through February and March of 1960. When a lawyer who had represented the arrested students had his home bombed in April, 2,500 students and citizens staged a silent march on city hall. Three weeks later, six Nashville lunch counters began serving blacks.
By October, there had been sit-ins in 112 cities. The courage of four young men had inspired a movement.
Birth of Patricia Roberts Harris
Patricia Roberts Harris was born on May 31, 1924, in Mattoon, Illinois. Harris achieved several firsts in her life. She was the first black woman to serve as an American ambassador, serve in the US Cabinet, be dean of a law school, and sit on the board of directors of a Fortune 500 company.
Harris grew up in Mattoon and Chicago before earning scholarships to five different colleges. She attended Howard University, where she was vice chairman of the school’s chapter of the NAACP. In 1943, she took part in one of the first lunch counter sit-ins in the country. After graduating summa cum laude in 1945, she attended the University of Chicago and American University. Harris later graduated first in her class at George Washington University law school in 1960.
While still a student, Harris had worked as a program director for the Young Women’s Christian Association and assistant director of the American Council on Human Rights. She got her first government job in 1960, working as an attorney in the appeals and research section in the Department of Justice. While there, she met and befriended Robert F. Kennedy.
Harris returned to Howard University in 1961 as a lecturer and associate dean, becoming a full professor in 1963. That same year President John F. Kennedy made her co-chair of the National Women’s Committee for Civil Rights. Two years later, in 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson made her the first female African-American ambassador to Luxembourg. Of the appointment, Harris said, “I feel deeply proud and grateful this president chose me to knock down this barrier, but also a little sad about being the ‘first Negro woman’ because it implies we were not considered before.’”
In 1969, after completing her role as ambassador, Howard University made her the first woman to head a US law school. However, she only held the post for a month, resigning after the school’s president opposed her support of student protests. In 1970, Harris became a partner at a Washington, DC, law firm. Soon after, companies including International Business Machines and Chase Manhattan Bank chose her to sit on their board of directors, making her the first black woman to do so.
Harris became the first black woman in the cabinet in 1977, and one of the few Americans to hold three cabinet positions. She served as secretary of: Housing and Urban Development (1977-79); Health, Education, and Welfare (1979-80), and Health and Human Services (1980-81).
Harris’s numerous other achievements include being the first black woman to lead a national political party committee, and the first black woman to serve as the US representative to the United Nations. From 1981 until 1985, Harris was a full-time professor at the George Washington University Law School, and she ran for mayor of Washington, DC, in 1982. Harris died of breast cancer on March 23, 1985. After her death, the Patricia Roberts Harris Public Affairs Fellowship was created for students at Howard University.