# 2838 - 1994 29c World War II

U.S. #2838
1994 World War II

• Fourth souvenir sheet issued to commemorate the 50^th anniversary of World War II
• Includes 10 stamps plus a world map

Stamp Category:  Commemorative
Series:  World War II
Value: 29¢ (Individual stamps), First Class Mail Rate
First Day of Issue:  June 6, 1994
First Day City:  Two main ceremonies in Washington, DC and  St. Mere Egilse, Normandy, with additional smaller events in:  Fort Dix, New Jersey; Salt Lake City, Utah; New York, New York; Clarksville, Tennessee; Fort Sam Houston, Lubbock, San Antonio, and Houston, Texas; Bangor, Maine; Charleston, South Carolina; Virginia Beach and Richmond, Virginia; and Fort Campbell, Kentucky
Quantity Issued (if known):  120,600,000
Printed by:  Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing Method:  Offset, Intaglio
Format:  Sheetlets of 10 (arranged in 2 strips of 5, one across the top and one across the bottom of the sheetlet, with world map in between)
Perforations:  11.1 (Eureka off-line perforator)
Tagging:  Overall, large block covering stamps and part of selvage

Why the stamp was issued:  This souvenir sheet was issued to commemorate the 50^th anniversary of World War II.  It was the fourth in a series of five that were issued over the course of five years.

About the stamp design:  There were many topics the USPS wanted to cover when commemorating World War II, but those planning the series didn’t want to issue a large number of stamps.  It was decided a souvenir sheet format would best highlight the main events of the war.  In order for all the souvenir sheets to have a uniform design, the same artist, William Bond, and art director, Howard Paine, were assigned to the entire project.

First Day City:  The stamps were dedicated in two ceremonies on June 6^th:  one at the National Postal Museum in Washington, DC, and one in the town of St. Mere Egilse in Normandy.  First Day of Issue postmarks read “USS Normandy.”  Thirteen additional cities held events for the stamps’ First Day of Issue and offered pictorial cancellations. 

The ceremony at Lubbock Texas, was special as it was the same city in which World War II pilots were given glider training at the old South Plains Army Air Field.  One of those pilots was Werner Birkelbach, who flew an antitank gun and four soldiers to Normandy before dawn on D-Day.  Fifty years later, on the World War II stamps’ First Day of Issue, Birkelbach flew a modern sailplane 35 miles from Littlefield, Texas, to Lubbock to deliver cacheted covers bearing the new stamps.  They were all given First Day of Issue postmarks at the end of the trip.

Pre-First Day Usage:  Linn’s Stamp News found that a “P-51s escort B-17s” stamp was used on cover postmarked Rock Hill, New York, on June 3^rd, three days before the stamps were officially issued.  This was the earliest known usage of the one of the World War II stamps.

About the World War II Series:  As the 50^th anniversary of World War II was approaching, the US Postal Service wanted a series that would recognize the key events of the war and the important contributions America made to the Allied victory.  Rather than issue a large number of stamps, the USPS decided to create five sheetlets, each commemorating one year of America’s involvement in the war.  Each sheetlet had 10 different stamps arranged in two horizontal strips of 5.  In the center was a world map with Allied and neutral nations in yellow and Axis-controlled areas in red.  Notes on the map highlighted key developments that occurred that year.  The stamps each featured important events that took place during the year, as well.

History the stamp represents:  The stamps picture the following events:

Allied Forces Retake New Guinea
By the summer of 1942, Japanese troops had made a series of landings on New Guinea’s north shore and were steadily pushing inland.  The only barrier separating them from the Australian base of Port Moresby was the Owen Stanley Mountains – a jagged, jungle-covered range that reared up two miles high.  Although the Australians considered the mountains impassable, the tenacious Japanese troops succeeded in crossing.

An Allied force quickly counterattacked and by November, the Japanese had been pushed back across the mountains.  MacArthur then attacked Japanese positions along the north coast in a series of brilliant operations that combined sea, air, and land forces.  But New Guinea is the world’s second largest island, and the drive to recapture it would require nearly two more years of brutal fighting.

Moving westward up the northern coast, American forces took Saidor on January 2, 1944, and established an air base there.  Two weeks later, Australian troops took Sio.  Additional airfields were captured and by the end of April the Japanese had begun to retreat.  By August, nearly all of New Guinea was in Allied hands, leaving MacArthur free to drive on toward the Philippines.

P-51 Escort B-17s on Bombing Raids
Before World War II began, aviation experts claimed the long-range bomber was the most advanced weapon in the world, capable of wiping out cities and destroying an enemy’s ability to continue fighting.  By the end of the war, their theory had been proven true.

Relying on the cover of darkness to evade the enemy’s fire, Great Britain favored “area bombing” – heavily bombing an area in hopes of hitting a target – a campaign that was both costly and ineffective.  In 1942, the United States joined the air war against Germany.  Favoring day raids on specific targets, the US used the popular B-17 to carry out its bombing campaign.  Fitted with heavy armor and numerous guns, these “Flying Fortresses,” as B-17s came to be called, were able to withstand fierce fighter opposition.

A year later, the US and Great Britain launched a bombing campaign against Germany that lasted until the end of the war.  After heavy initial losses, however, it soon became apparent that for the raids to be truly successful, long-range escort fighters such as the P-51 Mustang were necessary.  By the end of the war, the US Army Air Force had dropped more than 2 million short tons of bombs and destroyed over 40,000 enemy planes.

Allies in Normandy, D-Day
Early in 1942, the US and Great Britain began making plans for a large-scale invasion across the English Channel.  Code-named “Operation Overlord,” the invasion was to be commanded by General Dwight D. Eisenhower who was ordered:  “You will enter the continent of Europe and, in conjunction with the other United Nations, undertake operations aimed at the heart of Germany and the destruction of her armed forces.”

Scheduled for June 5^th, rough seas forced Eisenhower to postpone the invasion.  Early on June 6^th, the largest amphibious force ever seen stormed the Atlantic Wall of which Hitler had boasted, “No power on earth can drive us out of this region against our will.”  At 3:32 a.m. New York time, a radio news flash announced Eisenhower’s Order of the Day:  “The tide has turned.  The free men of the world are marching together to victory.”

Minesweepers had gone ahead to clear the water, and as the invasion armada headed across the channel, paratroopers and glider units dropped behind enemy lines.  At dawn battleships opened fire and troops stormed ashore.  Taken by surprise, the Germans fought back fiercely.  Troops at Omaha Beach came under heavy fire and barely managed to stay ashore, but by nighfall all five Allied beaches had been secured.

Airborne Units Spearhead Attacks
A war that touched virtually every nation and was fought on nearly every continent and ocean, World War II required new military, air, and naval strategies.  Trained for assault by air, airborne troops, also called paratroops, paratroopers, and sky soldiers, added a new dimension to the war.

Transported to combat areas by plane, these airborne units would parachute behind enemy lines where their primary tasks were to blow up bridges, destroy communications, and cut off supplies and reinforcements.  Often taking the enemy by surprise, they would engage in fierce hand-to-hand combat.

Although the Germans first used sky soldiers when they captured the Nehterlands in 1940, it was the Allies who made the most effective use of paratroops.  Forming a complete army of sky soldiers, they coordinated parachute attacks with other air, land, and naval operations.  From the middle of the war until its end, United States Army paratroopers successfully spearheaded attacks in Sicily, Normandy, and the Netherlands.  In the Philippines, airborne troops also recaptured Corregidor from Japanese forces.  Since World War II, airborne forces have taken part in all major military operations.

Submarines Shorten War in Pacific
During World War II, submarines became the Navy’s deadliest weapon.  As sea people, the Japanese relied on their naval power as the key to victory and boasted a massive fleet which included the world’s two largest battleships, the Yamato and the Musashi.  Operating chiefly in the Pacific, US submarines played a key role in eliminating the Japanese Navy.

In the early part of the war, American torpedoes were faulty and kills were few.  But by the fall of 1943, the problem had been solved and the US went to war with a weapon that would destroy more Japanese tonnage than all other naval and air units combined.  In addition, submarines also transported troops and supplies to enemy islands, laid mines in enemy harbors, and performed daring rescue missions.

Yet Americans back home heard very little about the fantastic success achieved by the US submarines.  Keeping operations secret was not only crucial to their success, but also to their survival.  And despite great pressure to publish play-by-play accounts, the Navy refused, causing the American press to dub this underseas force the “Silent Service.”  By the end of 1944, this highly effective force had virtually worked itself out of a job – the Japanese life line had been cut.

Allies Free Rome, June 4; Paris, August 25
Although Italy had surrendered on September 3, 1943, Germany was determined to fight for control of the Italian mainland.  In a series of head-on assaults, the Allies slowly battled their way up the Italian peninsula to Monte Cassino, 75 miles south of Rome.  There, held at bay by General Kesselring’s German forces, Allied troops struggled to break through the Gustav Line.

On January 22, 1944, seaborne troops landed at Anzio.  Surprising the Germans from behind, the Allied forces were met with little opposition.  However, rather than pushing forward, they attempted to further reinforce their position, allowing Kesselring time to develop a powerful counteroffensive which kept the Allies pinned down at Anzio for four long months.

Finally in May, the Allies were able to break through German lines, and on June 4^th they entered the city of Rome.  General Clark, who was at the forefront recalls, “There were gay crowds in the streets, many of them waving flags… Flowers were stuck in the muzzles of the soldiers’ rifles and of the guns on the tanks.  Many Romans seemed to be on the verge of hysteria in their enthusiasm for the American troops…”  The fall of Rome marked the final phase of the war.  Two days later, Eisenhower’s forces landed in Normandy.

Troops Clear Saipan Bunkers
Throughout 1944, American troops continued to advance on two fronts in the Pacific Theater.  While MacArthur fought his way across New Guinea toward the Philippines, Admiral Nimitz’s amphibious forces leapfrogged from island to island toward Japan.  After successfully capturing the Marshall Islands, they jumped north to their next target – the Mariana Islands.  On June 15^th, just nine days after Eisenhower’s successful Normandy landing, US Marine divisions landed on the coast of Saipan.

The Japanese put up a fierce resistance and bitter fighting ensued.  But in the end, American forces dealt Japan a serious blow – destroying its navy and crippling its air force.  On July 9, 1944, after more than three weeks of savage fighting, Saipan was declared under American control.  So ominous was the defeat that on July 18^th, Japan’s Prime Minister Tojo resigned.

Within a week, American troops also occupied Guam and Tinian.  Nimitz was now within striking distance of Tokyo and on November 24^th, the first force of B-29s took off from Saipan to bomb Japan.  Using submarine and air bases on Saipan, Nimitz was eventually able to launch the assaults on Iwo Jima and Okinawa that led to the inevitable defeat of Japan.

Red Ball Express Speeds Vital Supplies
By August 1944, it was clear the Normandy invasion had been a huge success.  Pursuing quickly-retreating Germans, the Allied troops had come within 100 miles of Paris.  However, the armies faced on basic problem – they had outrun the supply lines linking them to the Normandy beaches.  Unless the Allies could bridge the gap separating the supplies in Normandy and the troops, the Germans would have a chance to regroup and Paris could be lost.  The solution was the Red Ball Express.

Given the railroad nickname for a high-priority shipment, this long-haul supply system operated over a one-way set of roads to delivery bulk supplies each day to Patton’s and Hodges’ Armies.  When the express began on August 25^th, it provided 75 tons of supplies per day.  As the pursuit continued, the effort was expanded to include 5,400 trucks carrying over 8,200 tons each day over round-trip routes of up to 686 miles.

By mid-November, the critical need for emergency long-haul operations across northern France was over, and the service was disbanded on November 16, 1944.  During its 81 days of service, the Red Ball Express had provided the 1^st and 3^rd Armies with 3.5 tons of supplies a minute.

Battle for Leyte Gulf
On December 7, 1941, the Japanese had invaded the Philippines, forcing MacArthur to retreat to Bataan Peninsula and then Corregidor where he finally surrendered.  But by 1944, campaigns in New Guinea and the Central Pacific had brought his forces within striking distance of the Philippines.

Expecting fierce fighting from the Japanese, the Allies assembled the largest landing force ever used in a Pacific campaign – more than 750 ships participated in the invasion.  Fulfilling his promise “I shall return,” MacArthur waded ashore at palo beach on October 20, 1944.  It had taken MacArthur more than two and a half years and many brutal battles to keep his pledge made at Corregidor.

The Battle for Leyte Gulf was the greatest naval battle in history.  In a desperate last effort to win the war, the Japanese unleashed a terrifying new weapon – kamikazes – suicide pilots who would crash planes filled with explosives onto Allied warships.  Before the war ended they had sunk or damaged over 300 US ships.

Despite Japan’s new strategy, the battle ended in a major victory for the United States.  The Japanese Navy had been crushed, leaving Japan unprotected and exposed to an assault.

Bastogne and Battle of the Bulge
On July 25, 1944, Allied troops broke through German lines at St. Lo and a month later Paris was liberated after four long years of Nazi occupation.  Driving forward, Patton pushed eastward toward the Rhine River, while Montgomery swept into Belgium, capturing Antwerp on September 4^th.  By the late fall, US and British forces had managed to drive the Germans back to their own borders.

Faced with disaster, Hitler made one final attempt to win the war.  Pulling together his failing resources, he planned to break through the weakly-held front of Belgium’s Ardennes Forest, severing the Allied forces in two.  On December 16^th, German forces launched their attack.  Taken by surprise, the Allies retreated for eight days before they managed to regroup and push the Germans back.

The Battle of the Bulge, as it came to be known because of the initial dent made in the front line, changed the Allies’ position very little.  By January 16, 1945, the Ardennes front had been re-established where it had been a month earlier.  Hitler, however, suffered heavy losses of both men and supplies.  Although there were many weeks of fighting ahead, the last hundred days of the “thousand year” Third Reich had begun.