U.S. #264-78
1895 Bureau Issues
Double Line Watermark 

Printed by: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Watermark: Double Line USPS
Perforation: 12

This complete set includes all 15 of the 1895 regular issue stamps produced by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.  They were printed on USPS watermarked paper in response to counterfeiti...  more

U.S. #264-78
1895 Bureau Issues
Double Line Watermark 

Printed by: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Watermark: Double Line USPS
Perforation: 12

This complete set includes all 15 of the 1895 regular issue stamps produced by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.  They were printed on USPS watermarked paper in response to counterfeiting.

Watermarks Added to Prevent Counterfeiting

After an 1895 counterfeiting scam, the Post Office Department made the decision to print stamps on watermarked paper. A watermark is a pattern impressed into the paper during its manufacture. While still in the wet pulp stage, the paper passes through a “dandy roller” which has “bits” attached to it. These bits are pressed into the paper, causing a slight thinning, thus imprinting the design.

Beginning with the first postage stamp, watermarks were used to discourage counterfeiting. Britain’s Penny Black was watermarked with a small, simple crown. Various other designs were used until 1967, when Britain produced its first stamp on unwatermarked paper. Today, many British Commonwealth countries still use watermarks. The designs range from letters to symbols or emblems, from the simple to the intricate.

The first US watermark consisted of the letters USPS (United States Postal Service) and is described as being “double-lined.” The letters were repeated across the entire sheet, and as a result, only a portion of one or more letters will appear on a stamp. Occasionally, a stamp will have a complete letter on it. When the stamps were printed, no thought was given to the position of the watermark.  Consequently, the watermark may be backwards, upside-down, backwards and upside-down, or sideways in relation to the stamp. None are unusual or considered a separate variety.

Errors were made, however, on the 6¢ Garfield and the 8¢ Sherman, when some of the stamps were printed on sheets watermarked USIR (United States Internal Revenue). Since the BEP printed regular issue postage stamps, as well as revenue stamps, it’s easy to see how such a mistake may have happened. Some believe the switch may have been deliberate, because not enough properly marked paper was available.

A watermark can be identified by holding the stamp up to a light source, or with the aid of a watermark tray and benzine fluid. When the stamps are printed on a colored background, as the 1895 series is, the latter method is preferred. The stamp is placed face down in the tray, and a small drop of solution is dropped onto it. As the liquid penetrates the paper, the watermark will show up briefly, as the thinner paper is penetrated first.

U.S. Stamps Printed on Watermarked Paper

On or around April 29, 1895, the US Post Office began issuing postage stamps with watermarks.  The practice was introduced by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) and only lasted a little over 20 years.

From 1870 to 1894, US postage stamps were printed by a series of Bank Note companies.  As each company won the contract, the printing plates were handed off to the next company and small changes were made to differentiate between them.  In 1894, the BEP won the contract, and would produce most US stamps for the next 75 years.  When they took over stamp printing, the BEP received all the existing stamp dies, rolls, plates, and paper from the American Bank Note Company.  To distinguish their stamps from the ones before them, they added triangles to the upper corners of the stamps. These stamps are known as the First Bureau Issues and are US #246-63.

While these were the first postage stamps the Bureau printed, they had been printing US revenue stamps since 1862.  Around 1878, they started printing revenues on watermarked paper.  This was to satisfy a law that required government securities to be printed on watermarked paper.  The BEP likely believed that US stamps fell into this category of securities and began preparing watermarked paper for US postage stamps.  However, they used up their existing stock of unwatermarked paper until it was gone.

A watermark is a pattern impressed into the paper during its manufacture.  While still in the wet pulp stage, the paper passes through a “dandy roller” which has “bits” attached to it.  These bits are pressed into the paper, causing a slight thinning, thus imprinting the design.  US #264 was the first stamp issued on this paper, on or around April 29, 1895.

The first US watermark consisted of the letters USPS (United States Postal Service) and is described as “double-lined.”  The letters were repeated across the entire sheet, and as a result, only a portion of one or more letters appear on a stamp.  Occasionally, a stamp will have a complete letter on it.  When the stamps were printed, no thought was given to the position of the watermark.  Consequently, some watermarks were backwards, upside-down, backwards and upside-down, or sideways in relation to the stamp.  None are unusual or considered a separate variety.  You can view a double-line watermarked stamp here.

Errors were made, however, on the 6¢ Garfield and the 8¢ Sherman, when some of the stamps were printed on sheets watermarked USIR (United States Internal Revenue).  Since the BEP printed regular issue postage stamps, as well as revenue stamps, it’s easy to see how such a mistake may have happened.  Some believe the switch may have been deliberate, because not enough properly marked paper was available.

The Bureau continued to use watermarked paper for several years.  In 1910, they made the decision to change the USPS watermark.  In addition to reducing the size of the letters, the style was changed from a double line to a single line.  The purpose was to strengthen the paper and give it a more uniform thickness, since the old watermark tended to weaken the structure of the paper.  The 1913 Panama-Pacific Expo stamps (#397-404) were the only commemoratives printed on the single-line watermark paper, while the rest were Washington-Franklins.

Since money was in short supply due to the economic pressures of World War I, the watermark was discontinued in 1916 to cut back on production costs at the Bureau.  By not using the specially produced watermarked paper, a large amount of money could be saved.  It was decided that this savings was so significant, it outweighed the risk of counterfeiting.  No more stamps were intentionally printed on watermarked paper after that, though there were two notable errors – US #519 and #832b.

If you need supplies to identify your stamps, we have a watermark tray and watermark fluid.