# 2109 - 1984 20c Vietnam Veterans Memorial

U.S. #2109
1984 20¢ Vietnam Veterans Memorial

• Stamp issued two years after the opening of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial
• Second US stamp to specifically honor Vietnam veterans
• 14^th US stamp designed by Paul Calle

Stamp Category:  Commemorative
Value:  20¢, rate for first-class mail
First Day of Issue:  November 10, 1984
First Day City:  Washington, DC
Quantity Issued:  105,300,000
Printed by:  Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing Method:  Engraved
Format:  Panes of 40 in Sheets of 160
Perforations:  11

Why the stamp was issued:  To pay tribute to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the veterans it honors.

About the stamp design:  Paul Calle, who had designed several stamps since 1967, was hired to illustrate the memorial for this stamp.  His initial design was a vertically-oriented stamp looking downward at people viewing the wall.  The USPS wanted to show more of the memorial, which was long and in the shape of a large V.   To help Calle capture the size of the memorial, the stamp’s dimensions were increased, from the normal 1.40 inches to 1.83 inches wide.  This allowed Calle to depict several people looking at names on the wall.

First Day City:  This stamp was issued at the Departmental Auditorium in Washington, DC.  It was originally to be issued on November 13, the second anniversary of the memorial’s opening.  However, the USPS moved the First Day of Issue to November 10, because there would be 300,000 veterans in the capital for Veteran’s Day weekend.

History the stamp represents:  On November 13, 1982, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was officially dedicated in Washington, DC.

In the 1950s, Vietnam was divided along the 17th parallel, into communist North and anti-communist South Vietnam.  Following the assassination of the president of South Vietnam, a period of political instability began, while military generals fought for control of the government.

 The number of American advisors in Vietnam grew, and by the end of 1963, there were 16,000 US military personnel in Vietnam.  That number increased significantly after the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave President Johnson the power to increase the country’s involvement in Vietnam without declaring war.

By the end of 1966, there were 400,000 Americans fighting in Vietnam.  Peace talks began in 1968, but were repeatedly stalled.  After Richard Nixon took office as US president in 1969, he began Vietnamization, to remove American troops and leave the fighting to the South Vietnamese.  The last Americans left Vietnam in 1973, and the war continued until the fall of Saigon two years later.  Vietnam was reunited as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976.

Three years later, back in America, Vietnam veterans grew frustrated with the “invisibility” imposed on them by Americans, due to public discontent with the war.  In 1979, they formed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF) to publicly acknowledge those who died or are listed as missing in action in the Vietnam War.  Over time they raised $8.4 million for the memorial.  In 1980, they selected a site near the Lincoln Memorial and received permission from Congress to demolish an old World War I Munitions Building.

The design of the memorial was open to competition.  Some 1,421 designs were submitted and then reviewed by a selection committee.  Yale undergraduate Maya Lin won the competition.  The Ohio-born student’s design featured an over 493-footlong V-shaped reflective black granite wall.  Its two ends point to the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument.  At first, many opposed the design because it was unconventional, black, and lacked ornamentation, calling it a “black gash of shame.”  Eventually, they reached a compromise, agreeing to add a bronze statue of American soldiers on one side.

Construction on the memorial began on March 26, 1982.  The stone for the memorial came from India and was specifically selected for its highly reflective surface.  The stone cutting was done in Vermont and the 57,939 names were etched in Tennessee.  They used a sandblasting process to etch the names on the stone.

Construction on the wall was completed in late October and preparations immediately began for a dedication ceremony.  The dedication of the wall was preceded by a week-long salute to Vietnam veterans.  Then on November 13, 1982, thousands of Vietnam veterans took part in a march through Washington to attend the dedication ceremony.

At the wall, a sound system played the dramatic theme from Chariots of Fire.  The ceremony, attended by some 150,000 people, was broadcast live over the radio.  There was a presentation of the state and territorial flags and a series of speeches.  One veteran declared, “I, like many others, found that being known as a Vietnam veteran was a very dubious distinction.  But today this situation has changed.”  Another speaker proclaimed, “This Memorial symbolizes not only the supreme gift of nearly 58,000 young Americans but also the priceless gift of renewed awareness in our capacity as a people.”

Two years after this ceremony, the sculpture, The Three Soldiers or The Three Servicemen, was unveiled at the memorial.  It depicts a Marine and two Army soldiers of different races.  In 1993, another statue was added – the Vietnam Women’s Memorial.  It depicts uniformed women, who mostly served as nurses, aiding a wounded soldier.  Finally, in 2004, a memorial plaque was added “In memory of the men and women who served in the Vietnam War and later died as a result of their service.  We honor and remember their sacrifice.”

Presently, the names of 58,307 men and women listed as missing or killed in the Vietnam War are etched into the wall.  The memorial, maintained by the National Park Service, hosts over 3 million visitors each year and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.