# 2058 - 1983 20c American Inventors: Philo T Farnsworth, First TV Camera

U.S. #2058
1983 20¢ Philo T. Farnsworth
American Inventors

• From a block of 4 stamps issued to honor some of America's top inventors
• Features a portrait and depiction of his invention

Stamp Category:  Commemorative
Set:  American Inventors
Value:  20¢, first-class rate
First Day of Issue:  September 21, 1983
First Day City:  Washington, DC
Quantity Issued:  48,263,750
Printed by:  Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing Method:  Lithographed and engraved
Format:  Panes of 50 in sheets of 200
Perforations:  11

Why the stamp was issued:  To honor one of America's top inventors.

About the stamp design:  Designed by Dennis Lyall, the Philo T. Farnsworth stamp pictures the inventor with his first television camera.

First Day City:  The designs for the block of four American Inventors stamps were unveiled three months earlier at a banquet marking the 10^th anniversary of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.  Each of the four inventors had a connection to the institute or one of its two predecessors.  The First Day ceremony for the stamps was held at the US Patent and Trademark Office in Arlington, Virginia. 

Unusual fact about this stamp:  Error stamps exist with the black intaglio missing or dramatically shifted.

About the American Inventors Set:  Dennis Lyall designed the block of four American Inventors stamps.  As each man had lived since the advent of the camera, he was able to create his stamp portraits from photographs.  He also included text describing the invention or discovery they were best known for as well as a depiction of it. 

Other stamps in the set picture:

Charles Steinmetz – Electrical Theories – This is the only stamp in the set that doesn’t picture a physical invention.  Instead, it pictures a graph representing the square root of minus one.

Edwin Armstrong alongside his frequency modulator;

Nikola Tesla beside his induction motor.

History the stamp represents:  Philo T. Farnsworth was born August 19, 1906 in Beaver, Utah. He spent the first decade of his life in a small log cabin there, before his family moved to a relative’s 240-acre ranch near Rigby, Idaho.

Farnsworth was thrilled to find his new home had electricity, which was powered by a generator. Though he had little knowledge of electricity, Farnsworth was fascinated by the generator and studied it whenever he could. One day when his father and other adults were unsure why it had stopped working, young Farnsworth stepped in and got it working again.

Soon Farnsworth, barely a teenager, had turned the farm’s attic loft into his own science lab. One night in 1922, he read an article about how it could be possible to combine radio and motion pictures and transmit them into homes. Fascinated, he thought about the idea for months. At one point, he considered spinning mirrors, as he’d seen in science fiction, but that would be too slow. Then he had the sudden realization that he could capture light in a jar and then transmit it through electron beams.

Farnsworth was so excited to share his idea, he went to school the next day and told his teacher, sketching a series of electrical diagrams on the chalkboard and proclaiming, “This is my idea for electric television.” He worked with his teacher for several weeks until they found a concept they believed would work.

It would take several more years before Farnsworth could make his invention a reality. In the meantime, he attended Brigham Young University and spent his spare time learning about vacuum tubes and cathode ray tubes. He was unable to finish college following his father’s death. So, Farnsworth worked a series of odd jobs while he took correspondence courses in radio technology. At the suggestion of a friend, he chose not to publish his idea for fear someone might steal it.

One of Farnsworth’s bosses, George Everson, was intrigued by his television idea and agreed to give him $6,000 to test it. Farnsworth and his new wife moved to Hollywood and turned their dining room into a laboratory. However, he soon found that Everson’s investment alone wouldn’t be enough, so Everson arranged for him to meet with an electrical engineer. Once the engineer concurred that Farnsworth’s idea was possible, more people agreed to invest.

After a series of professional glassblowers told him what he wanted to create was impossible, Farnsworth enlisted friend Cliff Gardiner who would learn the craft and become his chief glassblower. Meanwhile, on January 7, 1927, Farnsworth applied for his first patent (this is often considered the date that television was invented). Farnsworth and Gardiner created the first television camera tube, which they called the “image dissector.” This tube would dissect an image line-by-line with electrical charges and then transmit them.

Farnsworth used a chemistry flask for the first picture tube, which he called an “image oscillite.” It took several months and multiple tests to get everything working right. Then on September 7, 1927, Farnsworth, Gardiner, his wife, and his investor prepared to test the television again. Farnsworth painted a black horizontal line on a glass slide. He believed that if the receiver showed the line going in the right direction, it was a success. In another room, Gardiner dropped the glass slide between the image dissector and a carbon arc light. There was a bit of static at first, but once it cleared, the group in the other room could see the straight line. Gardiner then rotated the slide, which the group in the other room was able to watch through the receiver. They were the first television viewers!

Farnsworth continued to perfect television technology in the coming years. He had his first public demonstration in the summer of 1935. Four years later, Franklin Roosevelt became the first US president to appear on television, though it was only broadcast to a handful of televisions in New York City. Though demand for televisions skyrocketed in the coming years, Farnsworth’s company had been poorly managed (by others) and was eventually sold. In his later years, Farnsworth wondered if his work on the television for so long had been worth it. But when he watched a man walk on the moon in 1969, he knew it was.

In his later life, Farnsworth became involved in research on radar and nuclear energy. Over the course of his life, Farnsworth filed 300 patents, most of which were for radio and television. He died on March 11, 1971 and was eventually named one of Time Magazine’s 100 Greatest Scientists and Thinkers of the 20th Century.