1922 6c Garfield, red orange
# 558 - 1922 6c Garfield, red orange
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U.S. #558
1922 6¢ Garfield
Series of 1922-25
1922 6¢ Garfield
Series of 1922-25
Issue Date: November 20, 1922
First City: Washington, DC
Printed by: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing Method: Flat plate
Perforation: 11
Color: Red orange
First City: Washington, DC
Printed by: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing Method: Flat plate
Perforation: 11
Color: Red orange
This stamp was issued in honor of President Garfield's birthday. He was born on November 19, but that day fell on a Sunday in 1922, so the stamp was released the following day.
Birth Of President Garfield
The last of the log cabin presidents, James A. Garfield was born November 19, 1831, near Cleveland, Ohio, to impoverished farmers.
The youngest of five children, Garfield lost his father just two years later and spent much of his childhood working on the family farm to support his near-penniless mother.
As a student at the Geauga Academy, Garfield worked as a carpenter and part-time teacher, discovering his love for learning and teaching. Beginning in 1851, Garfield studied at the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later renamed Hiram College), while working as a school janitor. While there, he took great interest in the Greek and Latin languages. Garfield graduated with honors in 1856 and went on to teach classical languages, English, history, geology, and math at his former school, the Eclectic Institute. The following year, he began a four-year stint as president of the school but grew tired of the faculty arguing.
In 1859, Garfield became the Ohio State Senates youngest member. During his service in the legislature, Garfield was key in the formation of a bill creating Ohios first geological survey measuring mineral sources. He studied law on his own and passed the Ohio bar exam in 1861.
As the slavery debate led to the Civil War, Garfield, an abolitionist, strongly opposed its spreading into the Western territories. By mid-August 1861, he organized the 42nd Ohio Infantry. One of his first tasks was to drive Confederate forces from eastern Kentucky. This success brought him early notoriety and promotion to brigadier general just two days later. Garfield later served with distinction at the Battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh, Corinth, and Chickamauga.
Garfield was elected to the House of Representatives in November 1862, even though he hadn't campaigned for the position. He was reluctant to take the role at first but believed his abilities would be put to better use there than on the battlefield. Within a year he resigned his position in the Army and took his seat in the House of Representatives.
While Garfield had previously campaigned for President Lincoln, he didn't particularly like him. However, when riots broke out on New Yorks Wall Street over the news of Lincolns assassination, Garfield delivered an eloquent speech that calmed the crowd. This is often considered one of the most notable moments of his career.
Garfield spent a total of nine terms in the House of Representatives. Gaining a detailed knowledge of financial matters, Garfield served on several important committees and held multiple positions including chairman of the Banking and Currency Committee, the Appropriations Committee, and the Military Affairs Committee. As a member of the House Ways and Means Committee, he supported hard money policies, in contradiction with his district. He refused to support any legislation that would increase the money supply by issuing paper currency without the proper amount of gold to back it up.
At the Republican Convention of 1880, three men were in the running for the presidential nomination a former President Ulysses S. Grant, Maine Senator James G. Blaine, and Treasury Secretary John Sherman, who Garfield supported. The convention was deadlocked through the first 33 rounds of voting. In that time, Garfield had received a couple of courtesy votes each round. On the next ballot he received 16, then 50 on the following vote. Although he had been elected to the US Senate prior to the convention, by days end, Garfield secured the Republican presidential nomination with 399 votes to Grants 306.
With Chester A. Arthur as his running mate, Garfield won one of the closest elections on record, by just 7,368 votes. This made him the only person to be elected to the presidency directly from the House of Representatives. Also for a short time, he was a sitting Representative, Senator-elect, and President-elect. The following spring, Garfields mother was the first presidents mother to attend her sons inauguration. When his mother was living in the White House throughout his term, President Garfield personally carried her up the stairs.
Much of Garfields time in office was spent appointing the collectorship of the Port of New York. The position was significant because the New York port was the busiest in the country, collecting more revenue than all other US ports combined. He selected William H. Robertson, temporary president of the Senate, a move that outraged some who felt their party would be rewarded with the position. Eventually, they resigned, making Garfield the undisputed party leader.
Calling on his financial expertise from his time in the House, Garfield had the Treasury refinance government bonds, reducing the rate from six to three-and-a-half percent interest. This saved the government $10 million per year, which was four percent of the budget at that time.
The only order Garfield was able to carry out during his administration was giving government workers May 30, 1881, off from work, so they could decorate the graves of those who had died in the Civil War. This was an early predecessor to Memorial Day. President Garfield also called for civil service reform. Although Garfield did not live to see it, his successor, Chester Arthur, passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act that required government jobs be awarded on merit.
Deeply concerned with the rights of African Americans, President Garfield pushed for universal education, funded by the federal government, to school the 70% illiterate African American population. Despite his efforts, the president failed to get the support of Congress and nothing was done in this matter for several years.
Then, on July 2, 1881, President Garfield was preparing to take his sons to his former school, Williams College. As they entered Washingtons Baltimore and Potomac train station at 9:20 a.m., the president was shot in the back by a .44 British Bulldog revolver. The shooter was Charles J. Guiteau, who specifically selected the gun because he thought it would look impressive in a museum. Guiteau was well known around the capitol as an emotionally disturbed man. He shot the president because he felt slighted when Garfield refused to appoint him as US consul to Paris. The assassin had stalked the president for weeks beforehand.
Doctors were never able to find the bullet, which ended up being lodged in Garfields pancreas. More than two months later, on September 19, President Garfield died of blood poisoning and complications from the shooting. On that day, Guiteau wrote a letter to Garfields successor, Chester A. Arthur, saying, "My inspiration is a godsend to you and I presume that you appreciate it. Never think of Garfields removal as murder. It was an act of God, resulting from a political necessity for which he was responsible."
The following year, jurors only deliberated for an hour before returning a guilty verdict. Guiteau was hanged on June 30, 1882, fully believing he had done Gods work.
Click here for more Garfield stamps, covers, and coins.
The Series of 1922-25
and the Wheels of Progress
In 1847, when the printing presses first began to move, they didn't roll, they stamped in a process known as flat plate printing. The Regular Series of 1922 was the last to be printed by flat plate press, after which stamps were produced by rotary press printing.
By 1926, all denominations up to 10c except the new 1/2 were printed by rotary press. For a while, $1 to $5 issues were done on flat plate press due to smaller demand.
In 1922, the Post Office Department announced its decision to issue a new series of stamps to replace the Washington-Franklin series, which had been in use since 1908. Many criticized the change, believing it was being made to satisfy collectors rather than to fill an actual need. However, the similar designs and colors of the current stamps caused confusion, resulting in a substantial loss in revenue each year. In busy situations, postal clerks could not tell at a glance if the correct postage was being used.
Postal employees requested a variety of designs which could easily be distinguished from one another. Great care was taken to make sure the new designs could not be confused. Although the frames are similar, the vignettes (central designs) are distinctive. Prominent Americans, as well as scenes of national interest, were chosen as subjects for the new series.
In addition to issuing new designs, the Department developed a plan to first distribute a small number of each stamp on a particular date in a selected town which was of historical and geographical significance to the subject. The plan greatly increased interest and began a new trend of collecting stamps on covers or envelopes postmarked on the first day of issue.
U.S. #558
1922 6¢ Garfield
Series of 1922-25
1922 6¢ Garfield
Series of 1922-25
Issue Date: November 20, 1922
First City: Washington, DC
Printed by: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing Method: Flat plate
Perforation: 11
Color: Red orange
First City: Washington, DC
Printed by: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing Method: Flat plate
Perforation: 11
Color: Red orange
This stamp was issued in honor of President Garfield's birthday. He was born on November 19, but that day fell on a Sunday in 1922, so the stamp was released the following day.
Birth Of President Garfield
The last of the log cabin presidents, James A. Garfield was born November 19, 1831, near Cleveland, Ohio, to impoverished farmers.
The youngest of five children, Garfield lost his father just two years later and spent much of his childhood working on the family farm to support his near-penniless mother.
As a student at the Geauga Academy, Garfield worked as a carpenter and part-time teacher, discovering his love for learning and teaching. Beginning in 1851, Garfield studied at the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later renamed Hiram College), while working as a school janitor. While there, he took great interest in the Greek and Latin languages. Garfield graduated with honors in 1856 and went on to teach classical languages, English, history, geology, and math at his former school, the Eclectic Institute. The following year, he began a four-year stint as president of the school but grew tired of the faculty arguing.
In 1859, Garfield became the Ohio State Senates youngest member. During his service in the legislature, Garfield was key in the formation of a bill creating Ohios first geological survey measuring mineral sources. He studied law on his own and passed the Ohio bar exam in 1861.
As the slavery debate led to the Civil War, Garfield, an abolitionist, strongly opposed its spreading into the Western territories. By mid-August 1861, he organized the 42nd Ohio Infantry. One of his first tasks was to drive Confederate forces from eastern Kentucky. This success brought him early notoriety and promotion to brigadier general just two days later. Garfield later served with distinction at the Battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh, Corinth, and Chickamauga.
Garfield was elected to the House of Representatives in November 1862, even though he hadn't campaigned for the position. He was reluctant to take the role at first but believed his abilities would be put to better use there than on the battlefield. Within a year he resigned his position in the Army and took his seat in the House of Representatives.
While Garfield had previously campaigned for President Lincoln, he didn't particularly like him. However, when riots broke out on New Yorks Wall Street over the news of Lincolns assassination, Garfield delivered an eloquent speech that calmed the crowd. This is often considered one of the most notable moments of his career.
Garfield spent a total of nine terms in the House of Representatives. Gaining a detailed knowledge of financial matters, Garfield served on several important committees and held multiple positions including chairman of the Banking and Currency Committee, the Appropriations Committee, and the Military Affairs Committee. As a member of the House Ways and Means Committee, he supported hard money policies, in contradiction with his district. He refused to support any legislation that would increase the money supply by issuing paper currency without the proper amount of gold to back it up.
At the Republican Convention of 1880, three men were in the running for the presidential nomination a former President Ulysses S. Grant, Maine Senator James G. Blaine, and Treasury Secretary John Sherman, who Garfield supported. The convention was deadlocked through the first 33 rounds of voting. In that time, Garfield had received a couple of courtesy votes each round. On the next ballot he received 16, then 50 on the following vote. Although he had been elected to the US Senate prior to the convention, by days end, Garfield secured the Republican presidential nomination with 399 votes to Grants 306.
With Chester A. Arthur as his running mate, Garfield won one of the closest elections on record, by just 7,368 votes. This made him the only person to be elected to the presidency directly from the House of Representatives. Also for a short time, he was a sitting Representative, Senator-elect, and President-elect. The following spring, Garfields mother was the first presidents mother to attend her sons inauguration. When his mother was living in the White House throughout his term, President Garfield personally carried her up the stairs.
Much of Garfields time in office was spent appointing the collectorship of the Port of New York. The position was significant because the New York port was the busiest in the country, collecting more revenue than all other US ports combined. He selected William H. Robertson, temporary president of the Senate, a move that outraged some who felt their party would be rewarded with the position. Eventually, they resigned, making Garfield the undisputed party leader.
Calling on his financial expertise from his time in the House, Garfield had the Treasury refinance government bonds, reducing the rate from six to three-and-a-half percent interest. This saved the government $10 million per year, which was four percent of the budget at that time.
The only order Garfield was able to carry out during his administration was giving government workers May 30, 1881, off from work, so they could decorate the graves of those who had died in the Civil War. This was an early predecessor to Memorial Day. President Garfield also called for civil service reform. Although Garfield did not live to see it, his successor, Chester Arthur, passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act that required government jobs be awarded on merit.
Deeply concerned with the rights of African Americans, President Garfield pushed for universal education, funded by the federal government, to school the 70% illiterate African American population. Despite his efforts, the president failed to get the support of Congress and nothing was done in this matter for several years.
Then, on July 2, 1881, President Garfield was preparing to take his sons to his former school, Williams College. As they entered Washingtons Baltimore and Potomac train station at 9:20 a.m., the president was shot in the back by a .44 British Bulldog revolver. The shooter was Charles J. Guiteau, who specifically selected the gun because he thought it would look impressive in a museum. Guiteau was well known around the capitol as an emotionally disturbed man. He shot the president because he felt slighted when Garfield refused to appoint him as US consul to Paris. The assassin had stalked the president for weeks beforehand.
Doctors were never able to find the bullet, which ended up being lodged in Garfields pancreas. More than two months later, on September 19, President Garfield died of blood poisoning and complications from the shooting. On that day, Guiteau wrote a letter to Garfields successor, Chester A. Arthur, saying, "My inspiration is a godsend to you and I presume that you appreciate it. Never think of Garfields removal as murder. It was an act of God, resulting from a political necessity for which he was responsible."
The following year, jurors only deliberated for an hour before returning a guilty verdict. Guiteau was hanged on June 30, 1882, fully believing he had done Gods work.
Click here for more Garfield stamps, covers, and coins.
The Series of 1922-25
and the Wheels of Progress
In 1847, when the printing presses first began to move, they didn't roll, they stamped in a process known as flat plate printing. The Regular Series of 1922 was the last to be printed by flat plate press, after which stamps were produced by rotary press printing.
By 1926, all denominations up to 10c except the new 1/2 were printed by rotary press. For a while, $1 to $5 issues were done on flat plate press due to smaller demand.
In 1922, the Post Office Department announced its decision to issue a new series of stamps to replace the Washington-Franklin series, which had been in use since 1908. Many criticized the change, believing it was being made to satisfy collectors rather than to fill an actual need. However, the similar designs and colors of the current stamps caused confusion, resulting in a substantial loss in revenue each year. In busy situations, postal clerks could not tell at a glance if the correct postage was being used.
Postal employees requested a variety of designs which could easily be distinguished from one another. Great care was taken to make sure the new designs could not be confused. Although the frames are similar, the vignettes (central designs) are distinctive. Prominent Americans, as well as scenes of national interest, were chosen as subjects for the new series.
In addition to issuing new designs, the Department developed a plan to first distribute a small number of each stamp on a particular date in a selected town which was of historical and geographical significance to the subject. The plan greatly increased interest and began a new trend of collecting stamps on covers or envelopes postmarked on the first day of issue.