# 4297 - 2009 44c Flags of Our Nation, Massachusetts

Flags of Our Nation
Massachusetts

Issue Date: August 6, 2009
City: Washington, DC

Paul Revere raced his horse toward Concord, warning everyone that the British were coming.  The Minutemen gathered their arms and marched to Lexington to head them off.  A shot rang out and the American Revolutionary War began.

During the 18th century, the British taxed the American colonies without allowing Parliamentary representation.  Tensions mounted, and in 1770 a crowd of Bostonians heckled a group of British troops.  The soldiers responded by firing on the crowd – killing five colonists. 

Three years later, the Sons of Liberty boarded British ships and dumped crates of English tea into Boston Harbor.  The colonies applauded this daring feat, but the British responded by closing the harbor.

In 1915, the flag of Massachusetts was officially unfurled.  Written on it was the motto, “By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty.”  The motto was adopted by Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1775 – the same year that the “shot heard round the world” was fired.  Although the current version of the flag was not ratified until 1971, the motto has embodied the spirit of Massachusetts for over 200 years.

Massachusetts Becomes 6th State 

On February 6, 1788, Massachusetts became the 6th state to join the Union.

Native Americans lived in the Massachusetts region for more than 3,000 years.  In 1614, English sea captain John Smith sailed along the coast of Massachusetts.  Smith’s book, “A Description of New England,” guided the Pilgrims to Massachusetts.

On September 16, 1620, 41 Separatists and 61 others seeking religious freedom journeyed to America.  These Pilgrims sailed from Plymouth, England, aboard the Mayflower.  That November, they landed in what is now known as Provincetown Harbor.  Before they set foot on land, the Pilgrims drew up the Mayflower Compact – the first agreement for self-government ever put into writing in America.

The Pilgrims faced a difficult first winter – about half of them perished.  Early in 1621, the Pilgrims made contact with American Indians.  These Native Americans taught them how to plant corn and beans, and how to live more comfortably.  Soon, more settlers came to the colony, and it began to flourish.

The Puritans received a charter from King Charles I to found a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area.  In 1630, about 1,000 Puritans voyaged to the New World.  They founded a settlement in what is now Boston.  The Massachusetts Bay Colony grew quickly, and by 1640, it had 10,000 settlers.

Massachusetts colonists faced many hardships.  In 1675, King Philip, a Wampanoag Indian chief, decided to push the Europeans out of his homeland.  King Philip was killed in 1676, effectively ending the war, but not before hundreds of Europeans and Native Americans died.  From 1689 to 1713, the colonists, as well as British troops, were caught up in the French and Indian War and were forced to defend their homes.  The fighting stopped for a time but erupted again during the 1740s, finally ending in 1763.

The French and Indian War left Britain in debt, so taxes were levied on the New World colonies.  The colonists’ slogan, “No taxation without representation,” became popular in Massachusetts.  Protests were staged.  In 1770, British soldiers fired on a group of angry patriots, killing five of them.  The Boston Massacre, as it came to be known, sparked public sentiment against the British.  In 1773, angry colonists, disguised as Indians, staged the legendary Boston Tea Party to protest a tea tax, dumping 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.  Britain responded to the Boston Tea Party by passing a series of punitive laws, known in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts.  These acts provoked the colonists and set the stage for the Revolutionary War.

The American Revolution began in Massachusetts, and the majority of the early fighting took place in its territory.  Massachusetts soldiers fought bravely in the first battles of the war, which included Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill.  In the spring of 1776, General George Washington drove the British out of Boston.  This marked the first major Colonial victory of the war.  Massachusetts supplied a large number of the soldiers who fought in the war, and ships from the state inflicted heavy damage on British merchant ships.  In 1783, the British signed the Treaty of Paris, which recognized the independence of the United States, and ended the war.

On February 6, 1788, Massachusetts ratified the United States Constitution and became the sixth state to join the Union.  As part of the ratification process, the state insisted that certain measures concerning individual rights be added to the document.  On December 15, 1791, the Bill of Rights became an important part of the “Law of the Land.”

President Thomas Jefferson passed the Embargo Act of 1807 in an attempt to avoid war. The Embargo Act, which curbed shipping to foreign ports, forced economic change in Massachusetts.  The state pioneered the textile and shoe industries.  In 1814, Francis Cabot Lowell built one of the first textile mills in the US, in Waltham.  Soon, more textile mills were opened in the eastern portion of the state.  Farmers suffered under the new economic system.  When the Erie Canal opened in 1825, allowing farm products from the West to be imported, most farmers left the state or took factory jobs.  In New Bedford, Nantucket, and Boston, the whaling industry flourished until the 1860s, when kerosene replaced whale oil as the major fuel.  The mill cities grew rapidly, sometimes doubling their population in less than a decade.  Advancements in power were made as well; as waterpower proved inadequate for large-scale factories, steam engines powered by coal were introduced.

After the Civil War, many industries expanded greatly in Massachusetts, especially textiles, leather, and metal products.  Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in Boston.  Although the economy suffered during the Great Depression, it soared during World War II.  Factories and shipyards produced large numbers of products needed for the war effort. During the 1950s and ’60s, many of the state’s traditional industries fell into decline.  These were replaced by high-technology industries such as electronics, computers, cameras, jet engines, and missile parts.  Today, the state has a thriving, modern industrial base, and a large number of colleges and universities.