# 3061 - 1996 32c Pioneers of Communication: Eadweard Muybridge

US #3061
1996 Eadweard Muybridge

• One of four stamps commemorating 19^th century inventors

Category of Stamp:  Commemorative
Set:  Pioneers of Communication
Value:  32¢, First-Class mail rate
First Day of Issue:  February 22, 1996
First Day City:  New York, New York
Quantity Issued:  23,292,500
Printed by:  Ashton-Potter (USA) Ltd.
Printing Method: Lithographed
Format:  Panes of 20 (4 across, 5 down) from plates of 120 (8 across, 15 down)
Perforations:  11.1 X 11

Reason the stamp was issued:  The set of four stamps pays tribute to four communication pioneers whose inventions led the way in mass communications.

About the stamp design:  Fred Otnes was the artist who produced the images for these stamps.  He used photos of the inventors and of the inventions or discoveries they made as inspiration for his designs.  Each stamp also includes the signature of the inventor and a line describing their invention, along with birth and death dates.

First Day City:  The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on the opening day of the Postage Stamp Mega-Event in New York City, New York.

About the Pioneers of Communication set:  Issued as a block of four, these stamps honor the achievements of four communication pioneers. Each stamp combines a portrait of the inventor with an image of his invention: Eadweard Muybridge with a series of photographs taken by his zoopraxiscope; Ottmar Mergenthaler with a linotype machine; Frederic Ives with an enlarged halftone photogravure image; and William Dickson with motion picture images taken from his work with Thomas Edison.

History the stamp represents: Photographer Eadweard Muybridge was born on April 9, 1830, in Kingston upon the Thames, Surrey, England.

By the time Muybridge returned to San Francisco in 1867, he was a professional photographer, with a particular focus on landscape and architecture. He transformed a lightweight carriage into a portable darkroom and his photographs were sold in galleries. Muybridge’s big break came in 1867 when he photographed Yosemite Valley and areas around San Francisco.   In 1868, Muybridge visited Alaska and photographed the Tlingit Native Americans and sweeping landscapes for the US government. And in 1871, the Lighthouse Board tasked him with photographing the lighthouses of the West Coast. Two years later, the Army hired him to photograph the Modoc War. Around the same time, he also used time-lapse photography to capture the construction of the San Francisco Mint.

Muybridge began experimenting with photographing motion when railroad magnate and former California Governor Leland Stanford hired him to prove that at a certain point in a horse’s gallop, all four of its legs are off the ground. To capture images of a running horse, Muybridge used a series of 12 to 24 cameras, which were triggered by strings – the horse broke the strings as it ran by, thus taking the horse’s picture at various stages of its stride. His first attempts failed because his camera lacked the fast shutter speeds needed. By 1877, Muybridge had developed a high-speed shutter with an exposure time of 2/1,000 of a second. The experiment worked, and the resulting photographs proved Stanford was right! Click here for a video made from his photographs.

To display his pictures, Muybridge invented the zoopraxiscope – a lantern that projected images on a screen in rapid succession from photographs printed on a rotating glass disc. The spinning of the disk gave the pictures the illusion of movement.

Muybridge toured and lectured extensively in the late 1800s, including a presentation at the World’s Columbian Exposition. He returned to England in 1894 and died there on May 8, 1904.