# 2045 - 1983 20c Medal of Honor

U.S. #2045
1983 20¢ Medal of Honor

• Issued 120 years after the first Medals of Honor were awarded
• Pictures the Army, Navy, and Air Force Medals of Honor
• To date, more than 3,500 medals have been awarded

Stamp Category:  Commemorative
Value:  20¢, first-class rate
First Day of Issue:  June 7, 1983
First Day City:  Washington, DC
Quantity Issued:  108,820,000
Printed by:  Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing Method:  Lithographed and engraved
Format:  Panes of 40 in sheets of 160
Perforations:  11

Why the stamp was issued:  To mark the 120^th anniversary of the awarding of the first Medals of Honor.

About the stamp design:  Initial suggestions for this stamp design included picturing only the pad and ribbon for each medal, or just one of the medals.  These ideas were both rejected.  Then USPS employee suggested the design used on the stamp, which pictures all three medals.  He worked with the Army’s Institute of Heraldry and the Department of Defense to produce his designs. 

Each medal rests in a five-pointed star, hanging from a light blue, eight-sided pad with 13 stars.  A light blue ribbon is also used to hang the medal around the recipient’s neck.  The Army medal appears on the far left of the stamp.  At the top is an eagle above a bar that reads “VALOR.”  Below that, a green laurel wreath surrounds a star with the head of Minerva (a representation of the United States) at the center.

The center medal is that given to members of the Air Force.  Below a bar reading “VALOR” is an adaptation of Jupiter’s thunderbolt from the seal of the Department of the Air Force, consisting of lightning and wings.  The star below is surrounded by green laurel and pictures the head of the Statue of Liberty surrounded by 34 stars in the center.

The Navy medal hangs from an anchor and depicts Minerva with fasces in one hand a shield in the other.  The shield is being used to repulse Discord, which is represented by snakes.

First Day City:  The First Day ceremony for this stamp was held in the Pentagon Building in Arlington, Virginia.  Several Medal of Honor recipients and their families were among the attendees.

Unusual fact about this stamp:  A well-known error exists of this stamp in which the red intaglio is missing.

History the stamp represents:  Although awards had been given for military service since 1782, the first steps in creating the Medal of Honor as we know it were taken in 1861. It was at that time that Edward D. Townsend suggested to Commanding General of the US Army, Winfield Scott, to introduce a medal for individual valor.

Although Scott refused the proposal, Iowa Senator James W. Grimes took the idea to the Senate to “promote the efficiency of the Navy” after the general retired. The bill passed successfully and President Abraham Lincoln signed it on December 21, 1861. The bill allowed for the creation of 200 Medals of Valor “which shall be bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, landsmen, and marines as shall distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action and other seamanlike qualities during the present war (Civil War).”

Two months later, Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson created a similar bill, giving the president the authority to “distribute medals to privates in the Army of the United States who shall distinguish themselves in battle.” Though the wording changed some, President Lincoln signed the bill into law on July 12, 1862.

Three months earlier, a group of Union Army volunteers stole a Confederate train, leading to a daring eight-hour chase, known as the Great Locomotive Chase. At the time, supplies produced for the Confederate Army in the south were transported north by the Western & Atlantic rail line, often through Chattanooga, Tennessee. Union sympathizer James Andrews developed a plan to take Chattanooga, destroy the railroad tracks, and cut off the supply line.

On April 12, 1862, the first anniversary of the attack on Fort Sumter, Andrews and 21 men (later referred to as Andrews’ Raiders) quietly boarded The General. (Two additional men are included in Andrews’ Raiders, but were captured before arriving at the rendezvous point in Marietta, Georgia.) When the train stopped in Big Shanty, conductor William Fuller and his crew disembarked for breakfast. In a daring daylight raid, Andrews and his raiders stole the train and headed north – tearing up railroad ties and cutting telegraph wires as they went.

Fuller and his crew chased the hijacked train on foot for two miles. At the next northern station, they jumped aboard a platform handcar to continue the chase. Fuller commandeered two different engines in his pursuit of The General before taking the southbound The Texas at the Adairsville station. The chase was on – with Fuller pursuing at top speed – and The Texas in reverse.

Andrews dropped crossties on the tracks and let three boxcars loose – setting one on fire – in attempts to slow The Texas. Each time, Fuller’s men pushed the cars aside and continued the chase. South of Calhoun, Fuller spotted a young telegraph operator, pulled him aboard the train, and quickly wrote a message warning the Confederate general in Chattanooga of the approaching danger. The telegraph operator jumped off the train to telegraph the message.

After an 87-mile chase that lasted nearly eight hours, The General ran out of fuel and Andrews and his men were captured. Andrews was hanged and initially buried in an unmarked grave. In 1887, his remains were moved to Chattanooga National Cemetery.

The following year, six members of Andrews’ Raiders received the first Medals of Honor on March 25, 1863. The awards were presented by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in his office at the War Department. After that presentation, the six men met with President Abraham Lincoln at the White House.

Though Lincoln had initially approved the Medal of Honor as an award for Civil War service, in 1863 it was made a permanent military honor. Since its creation, more than 3,500 medals have been awarded, with a little less than half of them going to Civil War soldiers. In 1990, President George W. Bush signed legislation establishing March 25 as Medal of Honor Day to commemorate this event and to honor “the heroism and sacrifice of Medal of Honor Recipients for the United States.”