# 1984 - 1982 20c State Birds and Flowers: New York

New York Becomes 11th State To Join The Union 

On July 26, 1788, New York ratified the U.S. Constitution, becoming America’s 11th state.

Two of the most powerful Indian groups in North America lived in New York, the Algonquian family and the Iroquois. These tribes were large and well organized, especially the Iroquois. The Iroquois federation was the most efficient North American Indian government.

Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer sailing for France, was probably the first European to reach New York in 1524. Henry Hudson, an Englishman serving the Dutch, sailed up the Hudson River in 1609. His exploration gave the Netherlands rights to the territory of much of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and part of Connecticut. The Dutch called this land New Netherland. In 1609, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain entered the northern portion of New York, claiming that area for his country.

In 1621, a group of Dutch merchants formed the Dutch West India Company, and were given exclusive rights to trade in New Netherland for 24 years. The company sent 30 families to settle the region in 1624. Some of these people founded Fort Orange, now known as Albany. This was the first permanent European settlement in New York. In 1625, a group of Dutch colonists began building a fort and town, called New Amsterdam, on Manhattan Island. The next year, the Dutch governor, Peter Minuit, bought Manhattan from the Indians for goods worth 60 Dutch guilders – about $24.

Over time, the English became more interested in the area, and in 1664, King Charles II of England granted his brother, James, the Duke of York, a charter for the New Netherland area. A fleet of English warships was sent to take the area. When the ships arrived in today’s New York harbor, New Amsterdam’s governor, Peter Stuyvesant, surrendered without a fight. The English renamed the area New York, after the Duke of York. The Duke would later become King James II of England.

While the English took control of southern New York, the French moved into the north. The French built a fort at Crown Point on Lake Champlain in 1731. War had broken out in Europe between France and England in 1689. Soon, New York became a battlefield. From 1689 to 1763, the French and their Algonquian allies, as well as the English and their Iroquois allies, fought a series of four wars. These costly conflicts delayed new exploration and settlement in New York. A peace pact was signed on February 10, 1763. The wars cost France all of her possessions in North America.

Many New Yorkers resented the presence of British soldiers, authoritative royal judges, and taxation without representation. Still, some citizens remained loyal to the crown during the American Revolution. Additionally, these Loyalists aided the British and enlisted the help of the Iroquois as allies against the patriots.

New York established its first independent government in 1776. On February 6, 1778, New York approved the Articles of Confederation. Although New York was opposed to a strong federal government, it ratified the United States Constitution on July 26, 1788.

Much of the fighting during the War of 1812 took place in the frontier areas of New York. After the conflict was resolved, large amounts of settlers moved to the northern and western portions of the state. Then the Erie Canal was completed in 1825. The canal provided an all-water means of transportation from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. This greatly lowered the cost of transporting goods. Railroads developed shortly after and by 1850, New York led the nation in population, manufacturing, and commerce, truly deserving the name Empire State.

Well before the start of the Civil War, New York was largely an anti-slavery state. However, many citizens did not feel obligated to fight in the war, and opposed the draft. In July 1863, mobs rioted in New York City for four days. This civil unrest was finally stopped by troops called from the battlefield. Despite these riots, New York provided more soldiers, supplies, and money to the Union than any other state.

Following the Civil War, New York has largely benefitted from economic growth. It is the nation’s leading center of banking, communications, and finance. New York City is the largest city in the U.S. and the 6th largest in the world. It is one of the world’s leading business centers, and has one of the world’s biggest and busiest seaports. The United Nations headquarters are based there as well, leading many people to claim New York City as the “capital of the world.”